The Word "Whig."--Republican Prestige.--Schism.--Adams's Election.--Five Doctrines of Whiggism.--I. Broad Construction of the Constitution.--II. The Bank.--Death of Old and Birth of New.--Opposition by Jackson.--III. The Tariff of 1816.--Its Object.--IV. Land.--Whig versus Democratic Policy.--V. Internal Improvements --Rivers and Harbors.--Need of Better Inland Communication.--Contention between the Parties.--Whig Characteristics.--Adams.--Webster.--His Political Attitude.--Clay.--His Power, as an Orator.--His Duel with Randolph.--His Wit.--His Influence.

CHAPTER II. FLORIDA AND THE MONROE DOCTRINE. 42

Florida's Disputed Boundary.--West Florida Occupied.--Jackson Seizes East Florida.--Puts to Death Ambrister and Arbuthnot.--His Excuse.--Defended by Adams.--Sale of Florida. --Revolt of Spanish America.--Monroe's Declaration.--Its Origin.

PAGE

CHAPTER III. THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE 52

Missouri Wishes Statehood.--Early History of Slavery.--Hostility to it.--First Abolitionist Societies.--Ordinance of 1787.--Slavery in the North.--In the South.--Pleas for its Existence.--Missouri Compromise.--Pro-slavery Arguments.--The Policy Men.--Anti-slavery Opinions.--Difficulties of the Case.--The Anti-slavery Side Ignores these.

CHAPTER IV. THE GREAT NULLIFICATION 63

Rise of Tariff Rates after 1816.--Relations of Parties and Sections to the Tariff.--Minimum Principle.--Tariff of Abominations Adopted.--Harmful to the South.--Nullification Project.--Calhoun's Life and Pet Political Theory.--South Carolina Recedes.--Compromise Tariff.--State Rights and Central Government.--Webster's Plea.

CHAPTER V. MINOR PUBLIC QUESTIONS OF JACKSON'S "REIGN" 78

Jackson's Life.--Mistaken Ideas.--Civil Service Reform.--Perfecting of Party Organization in the Country.--Jackson and the United States Bank.--His Popularity.--Revival of West Indian Trade.--French Spoliation Claims.--Paid.--Our Gold and Silver Coinage.--Gold Bill.--Increased Circulation of Gold.--Specie Circular.

CHAPTER VI. THE FIRST WHIG TRIUMPH 93

Election of Harrison in 1840.--Causes.--Jackson's Violence.--Sub-treasury Policy.--Panic of 1837.--Decrease of Revenue.--Whig Opposition to Slavery.--Seminole War.--Amistad Case.--Texan Question.--"Tippecanoe and Tyler too."

CONTENTS 9

PAGE

CHAPTER VII. LIFE AND MANNERS IN THE FOURTH DECADE 109

Population and Area.--The West.--The East.--An American Literature.--Newspaper Enterprise, Mails, Eleemosynary Institutions.--American Character.--Temperance Reform.--The Land of the Free.--Religion.--Anti-masonic Movement.--Banking Craze.--Moon Hoax.--Party Spirit.--Jackson as a Knight Errant.--His Self-will.--Enmity between Adams and Jackson.--Costumes.

CHAPTER VIII. INDUSTRIAL ADVANCE BY 1840 132

F. C. Lowell and his Waltham Power-loom.--Growth of Factory System.--New Corporation Laws.--Gas, Coal, and Other Industries.--The Same Continued.--The National Road.--Stages and Canals.--Ocean Lines.--Beginning of Railroads.--Opposition.--First Locomotive.--Multiplication of Railroads.

PERIOD III

THE YEARS OF SLAVERY CONTROVERSY

1840-1860

CHAPTER I. SLAVERY AFTER THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE 149

Cotton and Slavery.--Evils of Slavery: Social, Economic.--Slave Insurrections.-- Turner's Rebellion.--Abolition in Virginia.--Black Laws.--Lull in Anti-slavery Agitation.--Colonization Society.--Fugitive Slave Laws.--Prigg's Case.--Personal Liberty Laws in the North.--Kidnapping Expeditions.--Domestic Slave-trade.--Non-emancipation Laws.--Business Relations between North and South.

PAGE

CHAPTER II. "IMMEDIATE ABOLITION" 163

Renewed Hostility to Slavery.--Lundy.--Garrison.--Affiliations of this Movement.--The New England Anti-slave Society.--Significance, Purpose, Work.--Methods of Abolitionists.--Southern Opposition.--Northern.--Anti-abolitionist Riots at the North.--Murder of Lovejoy.--Outrages against Northern Blacks.--Colored Schools Closed.--Schism among the Abolitionists.--The Liberty Party.--Ultra-abolitionists' Unreason.--Why Abolitionism Spread.--Ambiguity of the Constitution.--Seizure of Black Seamen.--Grievances on both Sides.

CHAPTER III. THE MEXICAN WAR 179

Texas Declares her Independence.--Battle of San Jacinto.--The Democracy Favors Annexation.--Calhoun's Purpose.--Opposition of Clay and the Whigs.--Texas Admitted to the Union.--Causes of the War.--The Nueces vs. the Rio Grande.--Preliminary Operations.--Battle of Palo Alto.--Declaration of War.--Monterey Captured.--Santa Anna again President.--Buena Vista.--Taylor's Victory.--Scott Appointed to Chief Command.--Capture of Vera Cruz.--Cerro Gordo.--Jalapa.--Re-enforced by Pierce.--On to the City of Mexico.--Contreras.--Churubusco.--Molino del Rey.--Storming of Chapultepec.--Capture of the Capital.--Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.--Its Conditions.--The Oregon Question.

CHAPTER IV. CALIFORNIA AND THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 198

Invasion of New Mexico.--Exploration and Seizure of California.--Discovery of Gold.--Resulting Excitement.--Increase of Population.--Gold Yield.--Early Law and Government.--Slavery's Victory.--The Wilmot Proviso.--Taylor President.--Application by California for Admission to the Union.--Clay's Omnibus Bill. --Webster Superseded by Sumner.--Passage of the Omnibus Compromise.--California a State.--Enlargement of Texas.--New Fugitive Slave Law.--Revival of Abolitionism.--Underground Railroad.--Rendition of Anthony Burns.--Other Cases.

CONTENTS

PAGE

CHAPTER V. THE FIGHT FOR KANSAS. 216

Plot against the Missouri Compromise.--Pierce's Election.--The Kansas-Nebraska Bill.--Abrogation of the Missouri Compromise.--Squatter Sovereignty.--Anti-slavery Emigration to Kansas.--Political Jobbery by the Slavocracy.--Topeka Convention.-Kansas Riots.--Lecompton Constitution.--Opposed by Free-State Men.--Kansas Admitted to the Union.--Assault upon Sumner.--Southern Repudiation of the Douglas Theory.--Dred Scott Decision.--Startling Assumption of the Supreme Court.--Effect.-Counter-theory.

CHAPTER VI. SLAVERY AND THE OLD PARTIES 234

Democracy and Whiggism.--Ambiguous Attitude of the Latter toward Slavery.--The Creole Case.--Giddings's Resolutions.--Quincy Adams as an Abolitionist.--The First Gag Law.--Adams's Opposition.--The Second and Third.--Their Repeal.--Pro-slavery Whigs.--Submission to Slavocracy.--Its Insolent Demands.--Death of Whiggism.--Americanism.--The Know-Nothings.--Revolt from the Democracy at the North.

CHAPTER VII. THE CRISIS 250

Consolidation of Anti-slavery Men.--Worse Black Laws.--Schemes for Foreign Conquest.--Lopez's and Walker's Expedition.--Ostend Manifesto.--Supremacy of Slavery.--Rise of Free-soilers.--Incipient Republicanism.--Republican Doctrine.--John Brown's Raid.--Schism between the Northern and the Southern Democrats.--Nomination of Douglas.--Breckenridge and Lane.--Bell and Everett.--Lincoln and Hamlin.--Lincoln's Popularity.--His Election to the Presidency.

CHAPTER VIII. MATERIAL PROGRESS 268

Population and Economic Prosperity.--Growth of the West.--Indian Outbreaks.--Improvements farther East.--Canals and Railroads.--The Steam Horse in the West.--Morse's Telegraph.--Ocean Cables.--Minor Inventions.--Petroleum.--Financial Crisis of 1857.

PERIOD IV

CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION

1860-1868

PAGE

CHAPTER I. CAUSES OF THE WAR 290

An "Irrepressible Conflict."--Growth of North.--Influence of Missouri Compromise Repeal.--Slavery as Viewed by the South.--Stephens.--Anti-Democratic Habits of Thought.--Compact Theory of the Union.--State Consciousness, South.--Argument for the Calhoun Theory.--Secession not Justifiable by this.--Moderates and Fire-eaters.--Northern Grievances.--Do not Excuse Secession.--Lincoln's Election.--Patriotic and Philanthropic Considerations Ignored.--Prudence also.--Resources of South and of North.

CHAPTER II. SECESSION 305

Threats of Secession before 1860.--By New England.--By the South in 1856.--Governor Wise.--The 1860 Campaign.--Attitude of South Carolina.--Of the Gulf States.--Georgia, North Carolina, Louisiana.--Election of Lincoln.--South Carolina will Secede. --Judge Magrath.--The Palmetto State Goes.--Enthusiasm.--The State Plays Nation.--Effect upon Other States.--Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana. and Texas Follow.--Strong Union Spirit Still.--Vain.--Georgia and Secession.--The Question in Louisiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Missouri, Arkansas, North Carolina.--Seizure of United States Property.--Floyd's Theft.--Fort Moultrie Evacuated for Sumter.--Fort Pickens.--New Orleans Mint.--Twiggs's Surrender.--Theory of Seceding States as to Property Seized.--Southern Confederacy.--Davis President.--His History.--Inaugural Address.--Powers.--Confederate Government and Constitution.--Slavery.--State Sovereignty.--Tariff.--Good Features.--Bright Prospects of the New Power.

CONTENTS

PAGE

CHAPTER III. THE NORTH IN THE WINTER OF 1860--61 325

Apathy.--Disbelief in South's Seriousness.--Divided Opinion.--Suggestions toward Compromise.--Anti-coercion.--Convention at Albany.--Mayor Wood of New York.--Buchanan's Vacillation.--Treason all about Him.--Star of the West Fired on.--Inaction of Congress.--Crittenden's Compromise Lost.--Washington Peace Congress.--Vain.--Earnestness of South.--Lincoln Inaugurated.--His Address.--How Received.--His Difficult Task.--Plight of Army, Navy, Treasury.--Sumter Fired on.--Defended.--Evacuated.--Effect at North.--War Spirit.--75,000 Volunteers.--The Sixth Massachusetts in Baltimore.--Washington in Danger.--General Scott's Measures.--March of the Massachusetts Eighth and the New York Seventh.--Their Arrival in Washington.

CHAPTER IV. WAR BEGUN 342

Both Sides Expect a Brief Struggle.--South's Advantages.--Call for Three Years' Men.--Butler in Baltimore.--Maryland Saved to the Union.--Alexandria and Arlington Heights Occupied.--Ellsworth's Death.--Each Side Concentrates Armies in Virginia.--Fight at Big Bethel.--At Vienna.--The Struggle in Missouri.--Lyon and Price.--Battle of Wilson's Creek.--Lyon's Death.--Fremont, Hunter, and Halleck in Missouri.--The Contest in Kentucky.--The State becomes Unionist.--In West Virginia.--Lee and McClellan.--Brilliant Campaign of the Latter.--West Virginia Made a State.--Beauregard at Manassas.--Patterson's Advance.--Harper's Ferry Taken.--"On to Richmond."--Battle of Bull Run.--Union Defeat and Retreat.--Losses.--Comments.--Depression at the North, followed by New Resolution.--McClellan.--Army of Potomac Organized.--The Capital Safe.--Affair of Ball's Bluff.--The South Hopeful.--And with Reason.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 15

PAGE

THE FIRST GUN FIRED FROM FORT SUMTER, Frontispiece

WEBSTER'S HOME AT MARSHFIELD, MASS., 27

DANIEL WEBSTER.

(From a picture by Healy at the State Department, Washington), 29

THE HOUSE IN WHICH HENRY CLAY WAS BORN. 32

THE SCHOOL-HOUSE OF THE SLASHES, 34

HENRY CLAY. (From a photograph by Rockwood of an old daguerreotype), 35

JOHN RANDOLPH.

(From a picture by Jarvis in 1811, at the New York Historical Society), 39

JAMES MONROE.

(From a painting by Gilbert Stuart--now the property of T. Jefferson Coolidge), 45

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. (From a picture by Gilbert Stuart),. 65

JOHN C. CALHOUN. (From a picture by King at the Corcoran Art Gallery), 71

CALHOUN'S LIBRARY AND OFFICE, . 75

ANDREW JACKSON (From a photograph by Brady), 79

ROGER B. TANEY, 85

MARTIN VAN BUREN. (From a photograph by Brady), 95

GENERAL WILLIAM J. WORTH 100

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.

(From a copy at the Corcoran Art Gallery of a painting by Beard in 1840), 105

JOHN TYLER. (From a photograph by Brady), 111

A PONY EXPRESS, 116

THURLOW WEED. (From an unpublished photograph by Disderi,

Paris, in 1861. In the possession of Thurlow Weed Barnes), 123

FROM AN OLD TIME-TABLE.

(Furnished by the ABC Pathfinder Railway Guide), 134

TRIAL BETWEEN PETER COOPER'S LOCOMOTIVE "TOM THUMB"

AND ONE OF STOCKTON'S AND STOKES' HORSE CARS.

(From "History of the First Locomotives in America"), 136

PETER COOPER'S LOCOMOTIVE, 1829, 138

PAGE

OBVERSE AND REVERSE OF A TICKET USED IN 1838 ON THE

NEW YORK & HARLEM RAILROAD, 140

BALTIMORE & OHIO RAILROAD, 1830, 141

OLD BOSTON & WORCESTER RAILWAY TICKET (ABOUT 1837), 143

THE "SOUTH CAROLINA," 1831, AND PLAN OF ITS RUNNING GEAR, 146

BOSTON & WORCESTER RAILROAD, 1835, 147

THE DISCOVERY OF NAT TURNER, 154

JOHN G. WHITTIER, 165

WM. LLOYD GARRISON, 167

WENDELL PHILLIPS, 169

FACSIMILE OF HEADING OF THE "LIBERATOR," 174

GENERAL SAM. HOUSTON, 180

GENERAL SANTA ANNA, 182

JAMES K. POLK. (After a photograph by Brady), 185

GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT, 189

THE PLAZA OF THE CITY OF MEXICO, 193

ZACHARY TAYLOR. (After a photograph by Brady), 199

THE SITE OF SAN FRANCISCO IN 1848, 201

SUTTER'S MILL, CALIFORNIA, WHERE GOLD WAS FIRST DISCOVERED, 202

MILLARD FILLMORE.

(From a painting by Carpenter in 1853. at the City Hall, New York), 211

THE RENDITION OF ANTHONY BURNS IN BOSTON, 214

FRANKLIN PIERCE.

(From a painting by Healy, in 1852, at the Corcoran Art Gallery), 219

STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS, 222

CHARLES SUMNER, 227

THOMAS H. BENTON 243

ABRAHAM LINCOLN. (After a rare photograph in the possession

of Noah Brooks. Only five copies of this photograph were printed), 251

JOHN BROWN, 260

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

WILLIAM H. SEWARD. (From a photograph by Brady), 265

ELIAS HOWE, 269

THE VANDALIA. THE PIONEER PROPELLER ON THE LAKES, 271

OLD STONE TOWERS OF THE NIAGARA SUSPENSION BRIDGE, 272

THE NEW IRON TOWERS OF THE NIAGARA BRIDGE, 274

BIRTHPLACE OF S. F. B. MORSE,

AT CHARLESTOWN, MASS. BUILT 1775, 275

S. F. B. MORSE, 276

THE FIRST TELEGRAPHIC INSTRUMENT,

AS EXHIBITED IN 1837 BY MORSE, 278

CALENDERS HEATED INTERNALLY BY STEAM, FOR SPREADING

INDIA RUBBER INTO SHEETS OR UPON CLOTH,

CALLED THE "CHAFFEE MACHINE," 279

THE GREAT EASTERN LAYING THE ATLANTIC CABLE, 282

SOUNDING MACHINE USED BY A CABLE EXPEDITION, 283

CYRUS W. FIELD, 285

PAYING OUT CABLE GEAR. FROM CHART HOUSE, 287

SHORE END OF CABLE--EXACT SIZE, 288

BARNACLES ON CABLE, 289

JAMES BUCHANAN. (From a photograph by Brady), 301

STREET BANNER IN CHARLESTON, 310

MAJOR ROBERT ANDERSON, 315

MAJOR ANDERSON REMOVING HIS FORCES

FROM FORT MOULTRIE TO FORT SUMTER, DECEMBER 26, 1861, . 317

JEFFERSON DAVIS, 320

ALEXANDER H. STEPHENS, 322

SCENE OF THE FIRST BLOODSHED, AT BALTIMORE, 338

CAPTAIN NATHANIEL LYON, 345

GENERAL JOHN C. FREMONT, 348

GENERAL IRVIN McDOWELL, 353

GENERAL SAMUEL P. HEINTZELMAN, 355

GENERAL JOSEPH E. JOHNSTON, 361

GENERAL GEORGE B. McCLELLAN, 363

VOL. III.-2

PAGE

THE UNITED STATES

AFTER THE ADMISSION OF ARKANSAS, 1836, facing 179

PLAN OF THE BATTLE OF BUENA VISTA,

MORNING 23D FEBRUARY, 1847, 187

ROUTE OF THE SIXTH MASSACHUSETTS TROOPS

THROUGH BALTIMORE, 336

THE ROUTES OF APPROACH TO WASHINGTON, 340

THE SOUTHERN CONFEDERACY, facing 342

BULL RUN--THE FIELD OF STRATEGY. 351

BULL RUN--BATTLE OF THE FORENOON, 357

BULL RUN--BATTLE OF THE AFTERNOON, 359

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